Local law enforcement partnerships with federal authorities are growing as immigration enforcement efforts expand.

Agreements allowing local police forces to collaborate with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) have multiplied at an unprecedented rate. An analysis of official data by FWD.us, a nonpartisan organization that advocates for comprehensive immigration and criminal justice reform, shows that 1,168 police departments had officers enrolled to assist ICE at the end of January, up from 135 during the Biden administration and 150 at the end of Donald Trump’s first term.

While the Republican administration constantly attacks so-called sanctuary jurisdictions — those cities or municipalities that by decree or law do not cooperate with the federal government on immigration matters — the number of those that do has continued to grow. According to data published by ICE itself, as of February 13, 2026, the agency had signed 1,415 memoranda of understanding under section 287(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, covering 40 states. In the first few weeks of 2026 alone, nearly 150 new local agencies joined the program.

Section 287(g), created in 1996, authorizes the federal government to delegate certain functions of federal immigration agents to state and local police. Under this scheme, local officers can identify, question, and detain individuals suspected of being in the country without authorization and transfer them to federal custody. ICE maintains that the program “enhances the safety and security of our nation’s communities” and allows agents to “protect the homeland through the arrest and removal of aliens who undermine the safety of our nation’s communities and the integrity of U.S. Immigration laws.”

In its most controversial form — the so-called “Task Force Model” — local officers can exercise immigration powers during their regular patrols. This model had been dismantled in 2012 following allegations of racial profiling, but was reintroduced in 2025, accompanied by new financial incentives. ICE has offered to cover training costs and provide resources, including up to $7,500 per trained agent for equipment and up to $100,000 for vehicles and overtime pay.

According to FWD.us, the growth is considerable. The organization estimates that, thanks to the injection of federal funds included in the so-called “One Big Beautiful Bill,” state and local agencies could receive between $1.4 billion and $2 billion this year if they participate in the program. “This amount would dwarf all other federal funding for local law enforcement,” the report concludes.

But the rapid rollout has also set off alarms. Former officials from the Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties warned that the expansion of 287(g), combined with the reduction of internal oversight mechanisms, could become “a threat to civil rights across the country.”

Before the change in administration, that office was preparing a report ordered by Congress that identified possible civil rights violations in some participating jurisdictions. Former officials told The Guardian that the document has not been released and its status is uncertain. Similarly, it was reported that an advisory board that reviewed new applications was dissolved at the beginning of Trump’s second term.

Critics argue that the practice enables law enforcement to target individuals based on immigration status, with some arguing it enables widespread profiling, while others argue it undermines trust in law enforcement by enabling detentions over minor infractions.

Experts warn that as fear grows over immigration enforcement, communities may grow more hesitant to cooperate, with local police increasingly reluctant to engage—especially as federal pressure mounts and trust in law enforcement erodes.

Previous experiences with the program showed collateral effects on the daily lives of these communities: a decline in school attendance, reduced access to health services, and families avoiding leaving their homes out of fear.

While some counties have opted out, others have embraced participation, with local authorities increasingly engaging in initiatives that align with broader federal objectives.

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